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Theoretical Approaches to Learning Art

Theoretical Approaches to Learning Art

"Every child is an artist. The problem is how remain an artist once he grows up. "

Picasso

As educational leaders, it is our duty to improve learning with theories that we learn through our experiences of education for our children as Picasso so nicely put it could keep their imagination and continue to be artists for the rest of their lives. Art is "the use of skills and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences that can be shared with others, "according Britannica Online. In the broadest sense of art is the only subject that has remained closest to the Latin and means older, which corresponds roughly to "skill" or "trade", and from an Indo-European root meaning "arrangement" or "hold." The purpose of this article is to explore the applications of eight to ten theories and use them to teach art education, while explaining how the information created in the matrix could be transferred and implemented the program of arts education, while assessing the advantages and disadvantages each theory to the arts.

Theories

In the 21st century the education system of the United States of America is a process of change, in which it is the merger and integration of new curriculum, the theories and programs in the system. All programs that were created are focused on minority students, women, and students who have demonstrated a way or another at risk of not having the qualifications required to succeed in the education system. However, the techniques required for teachers interact with students has also been the evolution of writing to typing, books, computers, chalk boards for whiteboards, give lectures to team work.

Philosopher-educator John Dewey suggested that Americans face a choice between teaching according to the company and society based on education. . . . Democracy demands it and requires citizens to develop the ability to interpret, understand and analyze knowledge, and effectively communicate information, ideas and concepts. (Romanowski, 2006, 9A)

However, theories are not permanent. They change because of our needs, culture and beliefs of realistic explanations or exactly what the truth and purpose of education (p. 4). This may be because a theory started and LeCompte (1999) is the path "that we organize and explain the world in which we live" (p. 3). Throughout history, our social and cultural beliefs have been influence the education system with a range of social theories that include but are not limited to functionalism, Marxism, Interpretivism, and post-modernism, which have also influenced the art. Geertz (1998) states that "these approaches place great importance on the presentation of" multiple voices "of all participants - especially the less powerful participants, including women, members of minority groups, and students "(Start and Lecompte, 1999, p. 38). In other words, arts education, science education, mathematics, and knowledge in general are important for any person, regardless of gender, age, ethnicity or social status. The learning theories used today in Schools are not limited to the theory of social learning, behaviorism, cognitive dissonance, the theory of contiguity learning cooperative, Gardner, Piaget, situated learning, Skinner, Vygotsky, Weiner, and Constructivism, among others.

Interpretative theory

The theory of interpretation that the school planning requires a systematic plan which predetermined goals or standards such as NCLB Act of 2001, as written rules and procedures, hierarchy of authority, the impartial treatment of students, hiring, have characterized and advancement based on credentials of teachers. The function of our schools is to give students the tools they need in the future they would be able to make money, have technology and are able to teach others what they would need for the future make available to each student, faculty and staff. The learner's view that the education system U.S. is attempting to establish an educational system with perfect implementation of Bush on No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Under this law, every child in every racial, economic, and demographic group in all public schools in the nation must improve their test scores in math and science standardized tests. According to King-Sears (2005), the term "highly qualified teacher" used to "mean those who were duly certified and extraordinarily effective in teaching students "(p. 187), but today, according to the guidelines NCLB highly qualified teacher has a bachelor's degree, be fully certified, and prove they know the content they teach "(p. 187) taking the exam content specialist. Teachers must be able to help children connect their learning to their own experiences and provide opportunities for students to manipulate and utilize resources to maximize the educational progress. Arts education is a tool used by teachers in each content area to help students connect the content taught in their own personal experiences.

Change Theories

According to Shapiro (2005), a theory of change refers to "causal process by which change occurs as a result of program strategies and action. "These theories explore the reasoning that led the program leaders with their consequences on the way which changes occur. Most theories there is a change requires' backward mapping "or identify the program outcomes. According to Shapiro (2005), theories of change are both explicit and implicit, and most include:

• Frame specific problems to be treated
• Frame their intervention goal
• Identify the processes through which change occurs
• Describe strategies, guidelines and specific methods of intervention
• Delineating the short and long term effects for

Trait theory

The trait theory indicates that individuals are born with a set of inherited characteristics that give a person sufficient combination of traits that are adapted to life, these traits can also be measured by the ability of the individual to perform a series of tasks or skills to be effective. This theory in the nineteenth century, when Gregory Mendel discovered that genes and inheritance played an important role in the features and the feature that the organization had. Over the years, researchers trying to discover the characteristics desired for a particular task. In our case, many researchers focused on identifying traits or skills necessary to succeed in art.

In 1950, Myers & Briggs, a mother-daughter team, created a test survey that would identify the sixteen traits are thought to be inherited by simply answering a series of questions located at ~ http://cbae.nmsu.edu/ dboje/teaching/490_ps1/step_1.htm. In 1974, Stogdill wrote a manual in which he is able to identify a set of traits and skills that make a good artist, like creativity, diplomacy (this person may be tactful with others), skillful, persuasive, responsive, conceptually skilled, competent, organized and fluent. Many other features were added to the theory model and the organization that administers. While other researchers like Machiavelli, McGregor, McClelland, Katz, Yukl, Flanagan, Bennis, and Boje continue to study and create models based more on inherited traits. Then that new scientific discoveries about genes, characteristics, psychology, domination and the chromosome to create more questions about the theories existing features. Some questions this student has: 1) Is an artistic traits dominant or recessive. 2) Are the scientists are able identify a gene of creativity? 3) Can a person with heterozygous genes be able to acquire and develop the traits or skills they possess would if their genes where homozygous? 4) Can we identify artists with a simple test?

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Dr. Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983, which suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence based on those IQ tests is limited, so he proposed eight different intelligences, based on a range broader human potential in children and adults. Dr. Gardner (1993) argues that we feel very coherent and logical, or people of our culture and we should give equal attention on individuals who show gifts in other intelligences such as artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, entrepreneurs and others who enrich our society. Our society, unfortunately, does not increase children who possess these gifts and labels like "learning difficulties", "ADD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention" or call them underachievers. Dr. Gardner (2000) suggests that teachers should "be trained to present their lessons in a variety of ways to use music, cooperative learning, art activities, role play, multimedia, field trips, inner reflection, and much more yet "According to Armstrong (1994)

The good news is that the theory of multiple intelligences has attracted the attention of many educators Across the country, and hundreds of schools are currently rethinking his philosophy of how it educates children. The bad news is that there are still thousands of schools there that teach the same old dull way, through dry lectures and boring worksheets and textbooks. The challenge is to disseminate this information to many other teachers, school administrators and others who work with children, so that every child has the opportunity to learn so harmonious with their unique spirit.

Theory of cognitive development

Based on his life long search, Piaget believed that "students should not be regarded as empty vessels to completed by expert teachers, but active participants in constructing their own knowledge "(Nagarjuna, 2006). According to Murray (2007), Piaget concluded "That schools should emphasize cooperative decision-making and problem solving, promote moral development by requiring students to develop common rules based on equity "(p. 2). Even if the explanations offered today may be wrong, as the last of the sensitivity of adult and research, but "The fact that children provide explanations for these things shows that they are actively working to understand the world around them "(Nagarjuna, 2006).

Jean Piaget saw intelligence as a process that helps the body adapt to its environment and proposed four major periods of cognitive development. The four stages of development described in theory Piaget are (1) the sensorimotor stage (2), preoperational (3) Concrete operational stage, and (4) formal operational stage. Each cognitive structure Piaget's theory is defined by a series of strokes, and vaguely corresponds to the age specific. These time periods are not rigid rules, fair values approximate fixed the steps in order from birth to 2 years down the sensorimotor stage, where children experience the world through the movement and senses and learn object permanence. The preoperative stage starts from age 2 to 7 years and the child has an acquisition motor skills. In the concrete operational stage begins from 7 to 11 years and children start to think logically about events concrete are currently established in their environment. In the formal operational stage begins after the age of 11 years is when the child development of abstract reasoning in the world around them.

Vygotsky Cognitive Theory

Vygotsky's theory is an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization in which he insists that the child mind is shaped by social and historical context in which they live and their interactions with adults, explaining why teachers will never be replaced by technology regardless of the progress that we reach. His theories on social development play a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states:

Every function of the child cultural development appears twice: first, the social and later on an individual level, first between people (interpsychological) then inside the child (intrapsychic). This applies equally to voluntary attention, memory and logic training concepts. All higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals (p.57).

Vygostsky theory of art developed approach "dynamic set by (1) the intentions of the writer, the time and origin, (2) the form, content and symbolism the literary work, and (3) the viewer's experience and interpretation of the work (Lindqvist, 2003). Vygostsky does not art as something spiritual and metaphysical, raising the genius of artists over the form and content of work being created. Instead this, he saw art as a reflection of society affects how people's lives and how society developed. Art is an excellent tool to study not only society, but the emotion and psychology. According to Lindqvist (2003), "Vygostsky considered the psychology of art as a theory of social techniques of emotion. His analysis reflects the artistic process. "

Taoism

The Tao is a universal principle which covers everything from the creation of galaxies to the way humans interact with themselves and the world, showing the path required to follow. The Tao is composed of 81 verses that are broad and go beyond all human logic. This collection of 81 short verses has survived more than twenty-five centuries and their contents still teaches us a lot. The author of the Tao Lao Tzu was a royal librarian was invited by the Emperor to write all his skills before leaving the kingdom to ask China (Windridge, 1999, p. 60). According to Manson, Taoism should not be described as a religion or a philosophy since the first step to interpret the Tao is not to be guided by the labels. The Tao is the largest of all knowledge that is external and internal, eternal and commonplace, and it seems forever. The Tao is an endless cycle and final begins and ends at the same time. To understand Tao, in the fullness that you would need 200 to 100 deaths each year and you would be able to reach the top of a small piece, which is the spiral that reaches all the goals of the spirit, mind, psychology and changes in human thought. This can be seen in the translation of Wu Lao-tzu: Tao Ching verse 7:

Heaven lasts long, and remains the Earth. What is the secret of longevity? This is not because they do not live for themselves. They can live as long? Therefore, the Sage wants to remain behind, but finds himself at the head of others, himself considers Out

But is safe. Is it not because it is disinterested as his car is done? (p.15)

In http://www.thetao.info/tao/taoleader.htm site shows how various verses of the Tao have been out for leadership, life and education for example, verse 17: "The highest type of head of state, one of whose existence People are barely aware. Just then the one they love and praise. Next comes one whom they fear. Next comes one whom they despise and to challenge "(Wu, 2005, p. 35). However, a book written so long ago gives us insight on how to be leaders in transforming the world the 21st century.

According to Astin and Astin (2000), the Tao has no beginning or end, but it evolves over time, which determines its terms due a time, a social group, or a particular task. Learning in Taoism is always oriented towards a higher calling vision, goal, task, proposed a problem that is waiting for a solution that guides civilization, a group or society to achieve peace, unity and common purpose among its members so perfect for use in a classroom, art classes, and for life.

Elaboration Theory

The Elaboration theory is an extension of work already conducted by Ausubel advance organizers Bruner and the spiral curriculum. According to Reigeluth (1992), the theory of development was that the classroom must be arranged in increasing order of complexity for optimal learning. Education should be a simple lesson is presented and then things are more difficult until all tasks are taught and the objectives are met. Reigeluth (1992) suggests that the lesson begins with a summary the previous class and end class with a summary of the lesson of the day. Elaboration theory proposes seven main strategic components: (1) developed a sequence, (2) sequences of prior learning, (3) summary, (4), synthesis (5) analogies, (6) cognitive strategies, and (7) The control of the learner. Elaboration theory applies to the design of education for the cognitive domain.

Application for Arts Education

A professor is someone who takes your hand, open your mind and touches your heart.

Anonymous

Each theory helps teachers prepare a lesson well developed that includes various sizes and styles of learning. They help all students in the classroom while giving the instructor of various tools to enhance the arts education programs in our systems school.

Those who educate children well be more honored than parents, for these only gave life, those of art live well.

Aristotle

Educators today need to have tools, skills and abilities necessary to reach students in schools. The multiple intelligences theory and educational theory related help classify students in classrooms. The cognitive theory, interpretive theory, and theories of the development of the card using educator by students learning process from simple to more complex, not only in degree, but throughout life. According to Martin Luther King Jr. (1948), "The function of education is therefore taught to think intensively and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency May prove the greatest threat to society. The most dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with reason but with no morals. "In other words, education is directly contacting the knowledge already accumulated one who knows him who is ignoring the time. Yet, according to Zuk & Dalton (1999) "The primary purpose of education is not preparing children for jobs or to make our nation economically competitive markets international. Public education is an important component of a functioning democracy and offers much more than measure what we do in terms of dollars and cents or economic return on our investment. "But according to Holcomb (2007)," As a growing consensus of policy makers, educators and parents agree that the arts are an integral part of learning, some neighborhoods saw a change of policy on local and state level. In California, education and arts organizations have worked to get a windfall arts budget, which in theory would provide education Art in all public schools in the state. The money - $ 105 million in funds over, and only once, 500 million category for classroom equipment - are a legacy of the California Teachers Association on successful continuation funding for education. "

Education Art has many advantages for students and the world we live in, then let use our knowledge of the theories we have to improve students' knowledge of the world. According to the root meaning of the Indo-European art, this has undergone a deliberate process of arrangement. Art can describe several things: a study of creative expertise, a process of using the creative skill, a product of creative expertise, or experience of the public with creative talent. Art is something that visually stimulates thoughts of an individual emotions, beliefs, or ideas. Art is an expression to make an idea - it can take many forms and serve many different purposes.

Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught.

Oscar Wilde

Reference

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About the Author

Maritza M. Conde
Science High School Teacher and Data Specialist
Education:
BS in General Biology 1999
Advance Certificate in K-12 Bilingual Education 2001
M.A. in Curriculum and Technology 2005
EDD in Organizational Leadership 2010

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